Photonic Fibers, Materials and Devices

Prof. Dr. Joly, 5 ECTS This module naturally follows the “Basics of Lasers” module and aims at deepen the knowledge on a few specific aspects of lasers. In particular we will study the Z-cavity of one of the most popular laser system: the Titanium: sapphire laser. The purpose here is to show why simpler cavity is not possible. It requires understanding properly the concept of stability of laser cavity and introduces the problem of astigmatism. In a second stage we see how dispersion effects can hamper the properties of a mode-locked laser system and see how to circumvent this. We then study the different method used to characterize ultrashort laser pulse. This starts from basics concepts of autocorrelation but review more advanced techniques allowing to retrieve fully the amplitude and phase of a laser pulse. Towards the end of the lecture several topics are possible and it will be chosen together with the students. This can be for instance (i) the polarization and the Jones’ formalism (ii) the Maxwell-Bloch equations (iii) the origin of spontaneous emission. Finally in order to broaden the contents of the lecture the students are asked to prepare one half-an-hour presentation of the topics of their choice. The topics are discussed during the first two sessions of the lecture and must focus on a physical aspect of laser.

PD Dr. Erdmann, 5 ECTS Semiconductor lithography covers the process of pattern transfer from a mask/layout to a photosensitive layer on the surface of a wafer. It is one of the most critical steps in the fabrication of microelectronic circuits. The majority of semi-conductor chips are fabricated by optical projection lithogra-phy. Other lithographic techniques are used to fabricate litho-graphic masks or new optical and mechanical devices on the micro- or nanometer scale. Innovations such as the introduc-tion of optical proximity correction OPC), phase shift masks (PSM), special illumination techniques, chemical amplified resist (CAR) materials, immersion techniques have pushed the smallest feature sizes, which are produced by optical pro-jection techniques, from several wavelengths in the early 80ties to less than a quarter of a wavelength nowadays. This course reviews different types of optical lithographies and compares them to other methods. The advantages, disad-vantages, and limitations of lithographic methods are dis-cussed from different perspectives. Important components of lithographic systems, such as masks, projection systems, and photoresist will be described in detail. Physical and chemical effects such as the light diffraction from small features on ad-vanced photomasks, image formation in high numerical aper-ture systems, and coupled kinetic/diffusion processes in mod-ern chemical amplified resists will be analysed. The course includes an in-depth introduction to lithography simulation which is used to devise and optimize modern lithographic processes.

Prof. Dr. Schmauss, 5 ECTS Optical data transmission systems are the enabler for our modern communication networks. Since the first systems have been installed, the transmission capacity as well as the transmission distance has been increased dramatically. The migration from point-to-point transmission systems to complex optical networks is still in progress. The fast evolution of optical transmission technology is stimulated by innovations in the field of the system key components. The lectures concentrate on the physical effects and properties of key components like semiconductor lasers, optical modulators, optical fibers, optical amplifiers and detector diodes. Especially also the nonlinear effects of the transmission fiber are discussed. The main focus is on the effects and characteristics which are important to achieve a certain system performance. The influence of component parameters on system performance is presented in examples related to installed systems and systems that are actually in development. The exercises partly use a numerical simulation tool to analyze the component influence on system performance.

Prof. Dr. C. Marquadt, 5 ECTS In this module we will introduce and discuss fundamental concepts of quantum communication and talk about recent developments. Topics include: Introduction to quantum information concepts, quantum optics: preparation and measurement of quantum states, concepts of quantum cryptography and the BB84 protocol, quantum key distribution with discrete variables: modern protocols, QKD with continuous variables, modern quantum key distribution security proofs, quantum repeaters, quantum communication with satellites, quantum random number generation

After the module students

• comprehend an interesting physical topic in a short time frame
• identify and interpret the appropriate literature
• select and organize the relevant information for the presentation
• compose a presentation on the topic at the appropriate level for the audience
• use the appropriate presentation techniques and tools
• criticize and defend the topic in a scientific discussion

Prof. Dr. Schmauss, 5 ECTS

• Multiplex Techniques: electrical / optical time division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing
• Dispersion Management: dispersion and bitrate, dispersion compensation, dispersion in WDM systems
• Noise and Power Management: power budget, OSNR management, OSNR calculation
• Management of Nonlinearities: self & cross phase modulation (SPM / XPM), four wave mixing (FWM), Raman scattering, solitons
• Spectral Efficiency: definition, increase of spectral efficiency
• Modulation Formats:intensity modulation, multilevel transmission, CS-RZ, SSB Transmission, DPSK, DQPSK, Coherent Transmission
• Optical Regeneration: 2R-Regeneration by nonlinearities, distributed regeneration, 3R-Regeneration

Prof. Dr. de Ligny, 5 ECTS Glass formulation using project management Intensive exercise of 6 half days at the end of the semester. The teaching follows an “on time” approach. After presentation of the case study, an introduction to the project management is given. Analytical tools are given to the students than can use them directly on the case study. The project is then defined through brainstorming followed by Solution analysis and quotation. The rules for scheduling, monitoring and controlling a project are introduced before the case study is started to be solved. An emphasis is given on reporting by quick presentation at the end of each half day by the project team. In conclusion a last time is taken to analyze the personal issues encounter during these six half days. That help the students to have a pragmatic thinking about what could have been a better project team and the need of a leader.

Glass and Ceramic for Energy-technology

• Materials and energy
• Solar Energy
• Solar Thermal
• Photovoltaic Energy
• Insulation
• Wind Energy
• Nuclear waste glass storage
• Energy in glass processing
• Fuel Cell and Ion conductivity
• Lighting LED and LASER REE technology

Prof. Dr. Brabec, Dr. Hauch, 5 ECTS The module will introduce to the fundamentals of photovoltaic energy conversion. The conversion of light into electricity is one of the most efficient power technologies of today and is expected to transform our energy system towards a renewable scenario. The limits of photovoltaic energy conversion, the materials and architectures of major PV technologies and advanced characterization methods for modules as well as solar fields will be introduced theoretically and experimentally during the lecture and exercices.

PD Dr. Batentschuk, Dr. Osvet, 5 ECTS Please note: This module includes a lab course. It will depend on the lab capacities in a particular semester whether MAOT students can attend the lab courses and pass this module. If this is not possible, they can choose the module „Phosphors for Light Conversion in Photovoltaic Devices and LEDs“ instead. The contents are the same, but includes theoretical exercises instead of a lab course.

• Classification of phosphors according to their principle of operation and by field of application.
• Establishing the relationships between crystal structure of phosphors as well as their composition and the desirable absorption and emission properties.
• Energy transfer between the crystal lattice and active ions as well as between these ions
• Consideration of several examples
• Theoretical analysis of phosphor engineering with the purpose to reach maximal energy efficiency during transformation of the ionizing radiation
• Basics and to methods of storage phosphor manufacturing
• Analysis of requirements to the properties and new trends in development of phosphors for white light emitting diodes and for adaptation of the sun light spectrum to the sensitivity of solar cells and plants

Prof. Dr. de Ligny, 5 ECTS The module consists of two courses. Students have to attend both to earn the ECTS for the module. Optical properties of glasses

• Fundamental concepts: The electromagnetic spectrum and units, Absorption, Luminescence, Scattering
• Optical transparency of solids: Optical magnitudes and the dielectric constant, The Lorentz Oscillator, Metals, Semiconductors and insulators, Excitons, Reflection and polarization
• Optical glasses: Optical aberration and solutions, Dispersion properties and composition
• Colors in glasses: The eye, Optically Active Centers, Transition metals in glasses, Metallic and Chalcogenide nanoparticles
• Chromism: Thermochromism, Photochromism, Gasochromism, Electrochromism
• IR glasses: Chalcogenide, Fluorite glasses
• Optical Fibers: Principle, Manufacturing, Applications, Photonic fibers

Vibrational spectroscopies, from theory to practice

• Nature of vibrations inside matter
• Interaction light matter
• Instrumentation
• Raman application
• Infrared Spectroscopy
• Advanced technics